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Introduce Preflight/Postflight operations. Introduce Power-On-Stall, traffic pattern. For student to understand the nature and causes of stalling, to recognize the warning signs, and to recover from a stall. Also, to make student feel at ease with stalling so as to feel comfortable with the maneuver e.g. during the practical test.
Ever have your car "stall"? Well, when an airplane stalls, it has nothing to do with the engine. Imagine doing a short-field takeoff. Trying to get over those trees, and… What's going to happen if we keep pulling back?
Exhibit a thorough understanding of all Preflight/Postflight operations, and visual scanning/collision avoidance. Effectively use positive exchange of flight controls, while retaining positive aircraft control. Explain and utilize the traffic pattern properly, exhibit a reasonable ability to perform Power-On stall: PTS Heading +/-10°, Altitude less than 50 feet lost after stall.
Read AFH: stalls 4-8, PHAK stalls 4-22, FARS above
§61.107(2)(i, ii, iii, iv, viii, xiii)
Definitions:
Stall: a loss of lift due to airflow separation, brought on by exceeding the critical Angle of Attack
Angle of Attack: angle between an airfoil’s cord line, and oncoming air
Power on stall: to simulate an accidental stall occurring during takeoffs and climbs
P-factor: creates the left turning tendency in a positive angle of attack (four factors: Torque, corkscrew of slipstream, gyroscopic propeller effect, asymmetric loading)
Preflight Briefing:
Complete clearing turns before every performance maneuver—usually at least 180° change in direction, looking for traffic (Jeppesen Private Pilot pg. 4-6)
Power On Stall:
1. Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to power-on stalls.
2. Selects an entry altitude that allows the task to be completed no lower than 1,500 feet (460 meters) AGL.
3. Establishes the takeoff or departure configuration. Sets power to no less than 65 percent available power.
4. Transitions smoothly from the takeoff or departure attitude to the pitch attitude that will induce a stall.
5. Maintains a specified heading, ±10°, in straight flight; maintains a specified angle of bank not to exceed 20°, ±10°, in turning flight, while inducing the stall.
6. Recognizes and recovers promptly after the stall occurs by simultaneously reducing the angle of attack, increasing power as appropriate, and leveling the wings to return to a straight-and-level flight attitude with a minimum loss of altitude appropriate for the airplane.
7. Retracts the flaps to the recommended setting; retracts the landing gear if retractable, after a positive rate of climb is established.
8. Accelerates to Vx or Vy speed before the final flap retraction; returns to the altitude, heading, and airspeed specified by the examiner.
General: Student should be able to explain the procedures and reasons for them.
Overview: Why does an aircraft stall? What happens when it stalls? How do you prevent stalls? How do you recover from a stall?
Emphasis: Maintain positive control, initiate recovery promptly, and minimize loss of altitude.
Power on stall Procedure
Set Power ~75%
Flaps: either T/O or CRUISE
Vy= 68 kts T/O
75 kts CRUISE
Slowly pitch up with right rudder
Recognize buffet or wing drop
RECOVERY:
Max Power
Pitch for Horizon
Flaps = UP
Power cruise
Flight:
Technical Subject Areas:
Visual scanning/collision avoidance
Preflight preparation
Preflight procedures
Airport operations
Traffic patterns
Takeoff and climb
Power-ON- stall
- Clearing Turns
- Power to 75%
- Select visual heading to maintain
- Maintain altitude as you put the flaps down
- Establish a climb as if taking off
- Slowly pitch up adding right rudder
- Recover at buffet or wing drop
- Recover:
- Max Power
- Pitch to horizon
- After reverse of trend, flaps up
After landing
Parking & securing
Special Emphasis Areas:
Positive aircraft control
Positive exchange of flight controls
Visual scanning/collision avoidance
Stall/spin awareness
Post-Flight Debriefing:
Identify tasks that were completed to standards or above.
Identify and discuss tasks that were not completed to standards.
Record and grade completed tasks in the training record
Record training in the student’s logbook (reference the Areas of Operation above).
Give an assignment for the next flight session.
Next Assignment: Prepare for completing this lesson by reviewing tasks that were not performed to standards. If all tasks were performed to standards, assign the next lesson’s required material.